东亚似鮈类鱼类的起源和演化

本文采用分支扩散法和分支离散法两种生物地理学方法分析了似　类的起源和演化。结果说明似类于第三纪末起源于中国北方的原始类,逐步向南扩散。在其物种分化过程中可能存在南北两个分化中心。     

A method for long-term measurement of respiration in intertidal fishes during simulated intertidal conditions

Aquatic and aerial respiration of the amphibious fishes Lipophrys pholis and Periophthalmus barbarus were examined using a newly designed flow-through respirometer system. The system allowed long-term measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release during periods of aquatic and aerial respiration. The M o ₂ of L. pholis , measured at 15° C, was 2·1 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aquatic and 1·99 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aerial exposure. The corresponding values of the M co₂ were 1.67 and 1.59 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 respectively, giving an aquatic respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of 0·80 and an aerial RER of 0·79. The M o₂ of P. barbarus , measured at 28°C, was 4·05 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aquatic and 3·44 μmol O₂ g^–1 h^–1 during aerial exposure. The corresponding values of the Mco₂ were 3·29 μmol CO₂ g^–1 h^–1 and 2·63 μmol CO₂ g^–1 h^–1 respectively, giving an aquatic RER of 0·81 and an aerial RER of 0·77. While exposed to air for at least 10 h, both species showed no decrease in metabolic rate or carbon dioxide release. The RER of these fishes equalled their respiratory quotient. After re-immersion an increased oxygen consumption, due to the payment of an oxygen debt, could not be detected.     

The evolutionary relationships of two families of cottoid fishes of Lake Baikal (East Siberia) as suggested by analysis of mitochondrial DNA

Fragments of mtDNA genes Cyt B, ATPase 6, and ATPase 8 of six cottoid fishes species of Lake Baikal (East Siberia) were amplified and sequenced. In addition mtDNAs of the same fish were subjected to restriction analysis. The data obtained were used to construct phylogenetic trees. The topology of the ATPase tree differs from those of the Res (restriction) and Cyt B trees. Clustering of species within the trees confirms the viewpoint of Taliev (1955, Baicalian Sculpins (Cottoidei)) according to which Baikalian cottoids originate from two ancestral forms. The times of branching obtained do not confirm the existing viewpoint according to which the two golomyankas (Comephorus baicalensis and Comephorus dybowskii) are pre-Baikal (Myocene) relicts: these two species may have originated 1.2–1.8 million years ago in Baikal, and they seem to represent an example of rapid morphological evolution which resulted in the formation of a new family. Correspondence to: S. Ja. Slobodyanuk     

Trophic relationships and seasonal utilization of salt-marsh creeks by zooplanktivorous fishes

Synopsis In a high salinity estuary at North Inlet, South Carolina, co-occurrence and possible competition among adults of four dominant zooplanktivorous fishes were minimized by seasonal adjustments in lateral and vertical distributions as well as in dietary preferences. In winter, Atlantic silversides, Menidia menidia, occupied the entire water column while other planktivores were rare or absent from the estuary, and they consumed large prey such as mysid shrimps and fish larvae. An immigration of bay anchovies, Anchoa mitchilli, in the spring resulted in a redistribution of species with Atlantic silversides shifting to the surface waters and bay anchovies dominating the lower half of the water column. Both fishes consumed mostly copepods in the spring, but each favored a different species. There was little similarity in the large prey items consumed by the two fishes. Striped anchovies, Anchoa hepsetus, arrived in mid-summer and were most abundant at the surface while bay anchovies continued to dominate the bottom waters. Atlantic silversides were rare in all summer collections. The diets of the two anchovies were similar, but vertical separation during the period of maximum zooplankton abundance probably minimized competition. Rough silversides, Membras martinica, which were obligate surface dwellers, shared the upper water column with striped anchovies, but the two species had very different diets during their period of co-occurrence. Although seasonal changes in fish diets reflected shifts in zooplankton composition and all fishes consumed a variety of prey types, preferences for some prey taxa and total avoidance of others were indicated. Electivity indices indicated an especially strong selection for fiddler crab megalopae by all fishes in the summer and fall. All fishes, except rough silversides, which fed almost exclusively on copepods and crab zoeae, consumed large prey items when they were available. Fine scale partitioning of the food resources was apparent in the selection of different copepod and insect species by the fishes. Spatial and temporal separation in the distribution and/or dietary preferences of the zooplanktivores fishes probably reduces the potential for resource competition. Given the high abundances and selectivity of the planktivores, significant impacts on some zooplankton populations probably result.     

Nocturnal foraging habitats of French and bluestriped grunts,Haemulon flavolineatum and H. sciurus,at Tobacco Caye,Belize

Synopsis Nocturnal foraging habitats of Haemulon flavolineatum and H. sciurus were investigated in the backreef habitat around Tobacco Caye, Belize. Grunts leave the reef at dusk to forage in the grass beds and sand flats surrounding the reef. The hypothesis that French and bluestriped grunts use separate foraging habitats was examined by following tagged fishes from their diurnal territories or schooling sites to nocturnal foraging grounds. The tag consisted of a small, glowing Cyalume light stick sutured to the dorsal musculature of the fish, next to the first dorsal fin. Surveys of foraging habitats were done to support the tracking study. Large quadrats (225 m²) were set out over the sand flats and grass beds during the day. The numbers of French and bluestriped grunts feeding in each habitat were counted one hour after dark. Foraging French grunts used sand flats, whereas bluestriped grunts usually fed in grass beds. Repeated sightings of two French grunts and one bluestriped grunt in the same individual night-time locations support the hypothesis that nocturnal foraging sites may be used repeatedly by the same individuals.     

短尾猴种群生态学研究：Ⅲ.年龄结构和生命表

本文研究了黄山短猴（Ｍａｃａｃａ ｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎａ）种群年龄结构和雌性生命表。根据毛色、个体大小和行为等指标,可将其种群划分为６个年龄组,即婴猴组、少年组、青年组、年轻成年组、中年组和老年组。雌性短尾猴的静态生命表可较真实地反映了它在自然保护下的自下而上状况,其瞬时增长率（γ）为正值,表明只要加强对短尾猴现有栖息环境的保护,种群才会得到发展。     

拉萨郊区藏族的指纹研究

本文报道了拉萨郊区５１７例（男２２６人,女２９１人）藏族健康人的指纹参数正常值、调查分析了指纹类型、指纹组合、指纹指数和指嵴纹计数。比较了藏族不同居群、不同民族和人种间的差异。结果表明,藏族有自己的指纹特点,又显著蒙古人种的一般特征。     

Food habits of the giant humphead wrasse,Cheilinus undulatus (Labridae)

Synopsis The giant humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), an inhabitant of coral reefs, is widely distributed in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Stomach and intestinal contents of 72 specimens from the Pacific and the Red Sea revealed that this fish feeds primarily on mollusks, fishes, echinoids, and crustaceans.This article is one of several presented at the Second European Ichthyological Congress, Paris, 8-15 September 1976, to be published by Environmental Biology of Fishes.     

Reproductive strategies of coastal marine fishes in the tropics

Synopsis A synthesis of ethnobiological, behavioral and physical oceanographic information leads to the conclusion that temperate zone models of reproductive strategy are inapplicable to many fishes of the coastal tropics. Intense predation appears to exert heavy selection pressure on fishes that spend their adult lives in coral, mangrove or tropical seagrass communities. Many exhibit spawning behaviors and spawn at times and locations that favor the transport of their pelagic eggs and pelagic larvae offshore where predation is reduced. This creates a countervailing selection pressure — the need to return the larvae to shallow water once they are ready to colonize their post-larval habitats. Accordingly, spawning is often concentrated at times of the year when prevailing winds or currents are at their weakest, thereby reducing the transport of larvae long distances from where they originated. Spawning is also concentrated in the vicinity of nearshore gyres which similarly favor the ultimate return of the larvae to their natal area. Among these species, therefore, offshore larval dispersal does not seem to be an adaptation for dispersal of the species, but rather an evolutionary response to intense predation pressure in the adult habitats. Lunar reproductive periodicity is more common among these species than has previously been recognized, and is one of the strategies employed to enhance the offshore flushing of eggs and larvae.This paper forms part of the proceedings of a mini-symposium convened at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 18–19 May 1976, entitled Patterns of Community Structure in Fishes (G. S. Helfman, ed.).Contribution No. 524, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.     

Reproductive patterns in seventeen species of warmwater fishes in a Missouri River reservoir

Synopsis The timing of ovarian maturation and spawning of 17 warmwater fish species in Lake Oahe (South and North Dakota) was estimated from changes in the mean ovary indices (ratios of ovary weight to fish length). The onset of vitellogenesis varied within species (up to 2 months). Maturation of the ova took from 7.5 to 10 months, depending on species. Annual variations in the mean date of peak spawning of individual species during 1964–1971 were usually less than a week. There was little overlap of the annual mean peak spawning dates of the 17 species, and an established sequence of spawning among species was shown. A relatively high incidence of atresia in the shovelnose sturgeon, northern pike, and carp indicated that these species had apparently not yet adapted to the altered and variable spawning conditions in this reservoir. Regularity of spawning would seem to provide the best chance for spawning success in variable environments such as Lake Oahe.